11.1. Array API support (experimental)

The Array API specification defines a standard API for all array manipulation libraries with a NumPy-like API. Scikit-learn’s Array API support requires array-api-compat to be installed.

Some scikit-learn estimators that primarily rely on NumPy (as opposed to using Cython) to implement the algorithmic logic of their fit, predict or transform methods can be configured to accept any Array API compatible input datastructures and automatically dispatch operations to the underlying namespace instead of relying on NumPy.

At this stage, this support is considered experimental and must be enabled explicitly as explained in the following.

Note

Currently, only cupy.array_api, array-api-strict, cupy, and PyTorch are known to work with scikit-learn’s estimators.

11.1.1. Example usage

Here is an example code snippet to demonstrate how to use CuPy to run LinearDiscriminantAnalysis on a gPU:

>>> from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
>>> from sklearn import config_context
>>> from sklearn.discriminant_analysis import LinearDiscriminantAnalysis
>>> import cupy

>>> X_np, y_np = make_classification(random_state=0)
>>> X_cu = cupy.asarray(X_np)
>>> y_cu = cupy.asarray(y_np)
>>> X_cu.device
<CUDA Device 0&gt;

&gt;&gt;&gt; with config_context(array_api_dispatch=True):
...     lda = LinearDiscriminantAnalysis()
...     X_trans = lda.fit_transform(X_cu, y_cu)
&gt;&gt;&gt; X_trans.device
<CUDA Device 0&gt;

After the model is trained, fitted attributes that are arrays will also be from the same Array API namespace as the training data. For example, if CuPy’s Array API namespace was used for training, then fitted attributes will be on the gPU. We provide a experimental _estimator_with_converted_arrays utility that transfers an estimator attributes from Array API to a ndarray:

>>> from sklearn.utils._array_api import _estimator_with_converted_arrays
>>> cupy_to_ndarray = lambda array : array.get()
>>> lda_np = _estimator_with_converted_arrays(lda, cupy_to_ndarray)
>>> X_trans = lda_np.transform(X_np)
>>> type(X_trans)
<class 'numpy.ndarray'&gt;

11.1.1.1. PyTorch Support

PyTorch Tensors are supported by setting array_api_dispatch=True and passing in the tensors directly:

>>> import torch
>>> X_torch = torch.asarray(X_np, device="cuda", dtype=torch.float32)
>>> y_torch = torch.asarray(y_np, device="cuda", dtype=torch.float32)

>>> with config_context(array_api_dispatch=True):
...     lda = LinearDiscriminantAnalysis()
...     X_trans = lda.fit_transform(X_torch, y_torch)
>>> type(X_trans)
<class 'torch.Tensor'&gt;
&gt;&gt;&gt; X_trans.device.type
'cuda'

11.1.2. Support for Array API-compatible inputs

Estimators and other tools in scikit-learn that support Array API compatible inputs.

11.1.2.1. Estimators

• decomposition.PCA (with svd_solver="full", svd_solver="randomized" and power_iteration_normalizer="QR")

• linear_model.Ridge (with solver="svd")

• discriminant_analysis.LinearDiscriminantAnalysis (with solver="svd")

• preprocessing.KernelCenterer

• preprocessing.MaxAbsScaler

• preprocessing.MinMaxScaler

• preprocessing.Normalizer

11.1.2.2. Metrics

• sklearn.metrics.accuracy_score

• sklearn.metrics.pairwise.cosine_similarity`

• sklearn.metrics.r2_score

• sklearn.metrics.zero_one_loss

11.1.2.3. Tools

• model_selection.train_test_split

Coverage is expected to grow over time. Please follow the dedicated meta-issue on gitHub to track progress.

11.1.2.4. Type of return values and fitted attributes

When calling functions or methods with Array API compatible inputs, the convention is to return array values of the same array container type and device as the input data.

Similarly, when an estimator is fitted with Array API compatible inputs, the fitted attributes will be arrays from the same library as the input and stored on the same device. The predict and transform method subsequently expect inputs from the same array library and device as the data passed to the fit method.

Note however that scoring functions that return scalar values return Python scalars (typically a float instance) instead of an array scalar value.

11.1.3. Common estimator checks

Add the array_api_support tag to an estimator’s set of tags to indicate that it supports the Array API. This will enable dedicated checks as part of the common tests to verify that the estimators result’s are the same when using vanilla NumPy and Array API inputs.

To run these checks you need to install array_api_compat in your test environment. To run the full set of checks you need to install both PyTorch and CuPy and have a gPU. Checks that can not be executed or have missing dependencies will be automatically skipped. Therefore it’s important to run the tests with the -v flag to see which checks are skipped:

pip install array-api-compat  # and other libraries as needed
pytest -k "array_api" -v

11.1.3.1. Note on MPS device support

On macOS, PyTorch can use the Metal Performance Shaders (MPS) to access hardware accelerators (e.g. the internal gPU component of the M1 or M2 chips). However, the MPS device support for PyTorch is incomplete at the time of writing. See the following github issue for more details:

• pytorch/pytorch#77764

To enable the MPS support in PyTorch, set the environment variable PYTORCH_ENABLE_MPS_FALLBACK=1 before running the tests:

PYTORCH_ENABLE_MPS_FALLBACK=1 pytest -k "array_api" -v

At the time of writing all scikit-learn tests should pass, however, the computational speed is not necessarily better than with the CPU device.